Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is a powerful tool for exploring the micro and nanoscale structure of materials. In this lecture, we will provide a comprehensive guide to SEM, covering its basic components, imaging and analysis techniques, and sample preparation methods. We will also discuss various applications of SEM in material science and beyond.

Additionally, we will delve into advanced SEM techniques, such as in situ and operando SEM, which enable the study of materials under various environmental and loading conditions. Furthermore, we will explore the field of electron/ion beam lithography, which has broad applications in nanotechnology.

One specific application that we will focus on is the use of SEM and e-beam lithography in creating tailored ferroelectric domain structures for laser light frequency conversion. This application has significant implications for the development of efficient frequency conversion devices for laser applications.

Finally, future developments and potential advancements of SEM will be briefly discussed.

Acknowledgements: This work receives funding via the DYNASTY-project (DYNAmics and STructural analYsis of 2D materials) of the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 Research Programme under Grant Agreement Number 818087 with Dr. Emmanuel I. Stratakis as the project coordinator