Medical optical imaging is entering a transformative phase, with emerging techniques extending surgical visualization far beyond conventional white light. My work on integrating spectral and fluorescence molecular information into surgical microscopes and endoscopes aims to support more detailed assessment of tissue classification, function, and pathology. I will present recent developments in illumination and imaging optics, together with complementary image-processing advances, that collectively point toward a new generation of surgical imaging systems — systems designed to enable more precise and better-informed interventions.